Category: Networking Fundamentals

Network Topology Types

Network Topology Types Atech Waqas Karim (0.0)_

“The layout pattern & connectivity scheme between the devices in a network is called network topology”. It is a virtual shape or structure of the network. Devices on the network are called as nodes. The most common nodes are computers and peripheral devices. Network topology is a virtual illustration of these nodes and their connections using physical cabling. There are a number of different types of network topologies which are broadly divided into two types: Physical Network Topology: Actual Connectivity/Layout as per real cabling & connections Logical Network Topology: Virtual view of the network that member devices see Physical Network Read More …

TCP 3-way Handshake Process

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is “a Connection Oriented Transport Layer (Layer4) protocol for reliable communication between network devices” TCPv4 was published in RFC-793 in 1981 and is still the current version. TCP is a connection oriented full-featured transport layer protocol that provides all the functions needed by a typical application for the reliable transportation of data across an internetwork. TCP is a host-to-host protocol. TCP provides reliable communication with a mechanism called Positive Acknowledgement with Re-transmission(PAR) employing the 3-way Handshake.   3-way Handshake Process TCP uses a process called 3-way Handshake for reliable communication. In 3-way Handshake process, three TCP segments are Read More …

TCP/IP Model

“ TCP/IP Model is a standard reference Model for conceptualising data communications between networks ” The TCP/IP is a practical Model that provides E2E data communication specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received. It characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a Network system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. It is also called the Internet Model or the DoD Model. TCP/IP is a Vendor Neutral Model. It resolved many problems as described in below. Problem: Before TCP/IP Model, each vendor used to use its own network model to manufacture Network equipment. So, one Read More …

07. Application Layer of OSI Model (Layer7)

OSI Model - Application Layer, ATech, Waqas Karim

The last layer of OSI Model, the Application Layer is responsible for End user Network Applications. It is the 7th & highest Layer in the 7Layer OSI Model. This is the layer where real traffic data is generated in most of the cases. This could be a web request generated from HTTP protocol, a command from telnet protocol, a file download request from FTP protocol etc. OSI Model divides the network communication processes into seven layers in order to simplify it. Each layer performs specific functions to support the layers above it. The 7x Layer model starts from Physical till Read More …

06. Presentation Layer of OSI Model (Layer6)

OSI Model - Presentation Layer, ATech, Waqas Karim

As the name points, Presentation Layer is responsible for representation & formatting of data for session Layer in Encapsulation Process. It is the 6th Layer in the 7Layer OSI Model after Session Layer. It serves like a translator & takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information/data and will be able to use the data. OSI Model divides the network communication processes into seven layers in order to simplify it. Each layer performs specific functions to support the layers above it. The 7x Layer model starts from Physical till Application Read More …