OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is simply a reference tool, a standardised Reference Framework for conceptualising data communications between networks. OSI was the first conceptual model that characterized and standardized the communication functions of a Network system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. OSI is a Vendor Neutral Model. Before OSI Model, each vendor used to use its own network model to manufacture Network equipment. So, one vendor’s equipment & network was not compatible with another vendor’s equipment. Buyers were bound to buy only from one vendor. For example, if you were buying IBM Computers then Read More …
Month: March 2016
How to Shutdown your PC from Windows Command Line CLI
In some cases, we are not able to shutdown our Windows Computer using normal GUI process. So, in these situations, we can use Windows Command Line to force the shut down. Let’s see how to use Command Prompt on a Windows PC to shut it down. Search CMD in Start Menu Go to Start Menu. Click on Windows logo in the bottom-right corner of the screen or press Windows+R key on your keyboard. Click on Search and type CMD into the Search field. Launch CMD Right Click & select ‘Run as Administrator’. Select ‘yes’ on the Read More …
Principles of Bit Errors – II
Bit Error Performance Events & Related Alarms Through the BBE event, whether the receiving side of local end detects bit error and whether the problem lies in the channel between the sending of remote end and receiving of local end can be identified. Through the FEBBE event, whether the receiving side of remote end detects bit error or whether the problem lies in the channel between the sending of local end and the receiving of remote end can be identified. Corresponding to three bit error remote performance events MSFEBBE, HPFEBBE and LPFEBBE, there are three bit error remote alarm events, Read More …
Principles of Bit Errors – I
Errors occurring to data during the transmission process are called Bit Errors (BER). It is a key parameter that is used in assessing systems that transmit digital data from one location to another. Specifically, it is the error of a single number between receiving and sending data signals. BER is critical for radio data links, Optical data systems (fiber), Ethernet. The basis of BER are same in all of these systems even though there are some differences in functioning of these systems, how they work and the way in which Bit Error rate is affected. . A good knowledge of the BER also enables Read More …
BGP Local Preference (LOCAL_PREF)
BGP LOCAL_PREF is the Second BGP attribute if we dive deep into BGP’s algorithm of best path selection followed by aggregate (detailed in my first post in BGP section). When an AS (autonomous system) has multiple routes to another AS, the LOCAL_PREF indicates the degree of preference for one route over the other routes. The route with the highest LOCAL_PREF value is preferred. You can watch the detailed video on LOCAL_PREF on our : LOCAL_PREF, Weight & MED are often confused with each other. LOCAL_PREF is different from Weight & MED. Unlike weight, LOCAL_PREF is not vendor specific (Weight is Cisco Read More …